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Because most records in countries of origin were recorded at the city or parish level, it’s important to learn immigrants’ cities of origin.
Census records and other non-immigration records sometimes contain immigration information (such as language spoken or country of origin).
Research alternate spellings of first and last names in order to search using names that may have been changed, and make use of wild cards.
Try following people backwards by address in city directories to avoid issues caused by name changes.
Look for literal name translations (LeBlanc to White, for example).
Check the immigration records of family members and neighbors for the person you’re researching, since these people may have been traveling companions.
Examine Canadian immigration records as well, since many immigrants took ships to Canada and crossed the border on land.

Useful facts

U.S. Federal Censuses recorded immigration status from 1900 to 1930. Census abbreviations used are Na (naturalized citizen); Pa (first papers had been filed); and Al (alien).
It was common for the head of a family to immigrate first and send for the rest of the family after settling in.
Many immigrants made more than one trip across the ocean before settling.
Naturalization records in the United States became more robust in 1906, when a law was passed in the United States requiring applicants for citizenship to prove that they’d emigrated lawfully. Pre-1906 records containing information about naturalization are not uncommon, however, and the 1900 U.S. Census contained /hc/en-us/articles/53933378962707-Frequently-Asked-Questions about citizenship status.
From 1790 to 1922, wives of naturalized men in the U.S. automatically became citizens, as did women who married a U.S. citizen. From 1790 to 1940, children under 21 automatically became naturalized citizens upon the naturalization of their fathers.
Prior to the U.S. Naturalization Act of 1906, naturalizations could take place in any court of record: local, state, federal, criminal, and marine.
The major ports of departure in Europe included Liverpool, England; Bremen, Germany; Naples, Italy; Antwerp, Belgium; and Hamburg, Germany.
The top five immigrant countries of origin from 1820 to 1960 (the height of American immigration) were Germany, Italy, Ireland, Great Britain, and Austria-Hungary.
Fewer than a million immigrants—perhaps as few as 400,000—crossed the Atlantic during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Atlantic passage that took sailships six weeks to cross pre-19th century was reduced to a 12-day journey by steamships, and further reduced to a four-to-seven-day passage by 1900. Between 1846 and 1940, 55 million migrants moved from Europe to America, with 65% going to the United States and the other 35% migrating to Canada, Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, among other countries.
Emigration to Australia pre-1851 was minimal, but after gold was discovered in Australia in 1851, over 600,000 people emigrated there within ten years.
First- and second-class passengers received private accommodations in the uppermost mid-ship decks where noise and pitching were at a minimum. They had access to public rooms, to assistance from the ship’s crew, and to served meals. Passengers from steerage (also called “third class”) had rooms in the lowest decks, little privacy, limited bathroom facilities, and they brought their own food.
Most immigrants to the United States and Australia traveled in steerage, and most remaining passenger lists come from the steerage sections of ships. In the U.S. and Canada, this is because Ellis Island processed only steerage passengers; upon arrival, first- and second-class passengers were processed on the ships themselves.

Steamship companies and their routes

Below are the most popular transatlantic steamship companies with their common routes:

Allan Line: Liverpool – Halifax / Portland – Quebec – Montreal
American Line: Liverpool / Southampton – Queenstown – Philadelphia / New York
Anchor Line: Glasgow – Belfast – Moville – New York
Atlantic Transport Line: London – New York
Canadian Pacific Line: Liverpool – Quebec – Montreal / St. John's
Cunard Line: Liverpool – Queenstown – New York / Boston
Dominion Line: Liverpool – Halifax / Portland / Boston / Philadelphia
Guion Line: Liverpool – Queenstown – New York
Inman Line: Liverpool – Queenstown – New York
Leyland Line: London / Liverpool – New York / Boston / New Orleans
White Star Line: Liverpool / Southampton – Cherbourg – Queenstown – New York / Boston
French Line (Compagnie Générale Transatlantique) : Le Havre – New York
Hamburg-Amerika Line: Hamburg – Southampton – New York
Holland-America Line: Rotterdam – New York
Italia Società di Navigazione a Vapore: Genoa – New York / Philadelphia
North German Lloyd S.S. Co. (Norddeutscher Lloyd): Bremen – New York
Red Star Line: Antwerp – New York / Philadephia
Scandinavian-America Line: Copenhagen – Christiania (Oslo) – Christiansand – New York
Swedish American Line: Gothenburg – New York

And here are the most popular shipping lines that transported people from the https://internalancestrysupport.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/53933351895699-UK-New-Year-s-2023 to the far reaches of the British Empire:

Peninsular & Oriental (P&O) Line: London – Middle East / India / Far East / Australia / New Zealand
Orient Line: London – Middle East – Australia
Union Castle Mail S.S Company: London / Southampton – South Africa

Passenger list databases

Our passenger list databases includes passenger arrival records, naturalization records, border crossings, emigration records, passports, and convict transportation records from the U.S. and several other countries from around the world.